Web hosting is providing the equipment and management necessary to publish a web site on the Internet.
All web sites have a unique physical location where their content is actually stored, on a special computer called a "server". The Internet is made of millions of servers, connected together by thousands of networks. Each time you click on a website, you are making a request to that specific server by bouncing from network to network and asking the server for a copy of the page or image they want to see. The data is then sent back, pasted together, and displayed in your browser. (All this can happen in milliseconds.)
The job of a website hosting provider is to make the entire process transparent, so when you click, you see a webpage.